The article by Aileen Fyfe (this issue) raises a number of important issues about academic identity and the importance of the disciplinary community in the creation and maintenance of that identity. It also discusses some of the additional difficulties faced by interdisciplinary disciplines; lack of recognition (and thus institutional support), isolation of individual academics in ‘ foreign’ communities and a general anxiety and lack of self-confidence by the practitioners in that discipline as to the worth of their field. Finally, the article hints at the dangers these difficulties pose for the sustainability of the discipline – as lack of a clear identity and an institutionally marginal existence can make developing and attracting future practitioners difficult. In Fyfe’ s article, the focus was on the history of science. This article explores some of the many similarities, and differences, that exist for individuals in the field of economic history. For many economic historians, locating themselves within their discipline is still a major issue.

Interdisciplinary can be considered as an advantage when it has a certain relation with scientific and epistemic facilities in a society. In contemporary Iran, some of these facilities are the heritage of our religious intellectualism, and considering interdisciplinary phenomenon, they may be used in scientific and methodological fields, and somehow in academic policy-making. The heritage of Ali Shariati’s intellectualism -- as a thing that cannot be rejected in terms of language, theoretical value, and attraction to students in our thought framework-contains the basis for multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary thought. Therefore, having multi-disciplinary knowledge, Shariati discuses subjects such as human, history, land, and identity-which cannot be explained properly using a mere field of study-in an inter-disciplinary method. The canon of Shariti’s inter-disciplinary thought can be discussed in the concept of “fixed-variable”. This paper conducts a hermeneutical analysis of the interdisciplinary facilities in Shariati’s intellectualism base on “fixed-variable” challenge. The result indicates that interdisciplinary can be a base for making human sciences indigenous in Iran. If we take into account the interdisciplinary based on historical and social facts, the real epistemic and thinking challenges will be revealed and interdisciplinary can be expanded.

Background and Aim the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of video surveillance systems in disciplinary crime prevention in the city of Hamadan. Method The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which was performed by survey technique. The statistical population of the study was 250 employees of Hamadan police command, including line and staff in the deputy of operations, preventive police, ICT, police chiefs and city dignitaries. The sample size was calculated by Cochran relation of 148 people and selected by stratified random sampling method. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the validity of the data collection tool was obtained through face and content validity and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 85. Data analysis was performed using t-test. findings Based on the research findings in the component of reducing the opportunity for crime through video surveillance system, the index of "integration of video surveillance systems with other systems" with an average of 4. 22, in the component of organizing formal surveillance, the index of "systems expansion in crime areas" with an average of 16. 16 4 and in the component of electronic monitoring through video surveillance system, "scheduling systems for warning in case of crime" with the average of 4. 01 received the highest scores. Results if the capabilities of video surveillance systems are used well, it will be possible to reduce the opportunity for crime, improve formal surveillance of neighborhoods and electronic surveillance to effectively prevent crime.

Language is an "instinct" that cognitive scientists have called a "mental organ", a "faculty", or a "module". It is a complex specialized skill which develops in the child spontaneously without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently. Since prehistoric times, literature has been serving two complementary functions: to expand the disciplinary studies (cognitive, emotive, and volitional) horizons of human consciousness and to integrate our beliefs, feelings, and desires within the fluid mentality required for survival in the complex social environments of human organisms...

This study aims to examine the role of FIFA's disciplinary regulations in shaping behaviors associated with global football and to analyze their structural impacts on various stakeholders. The primary objective is to explore the interaction between legal language, institutional centralization, and procedural justice within the regulatory text. The research method is based on qualitative content analysis of 76 articles from FIFA’s 2023 regulations, with a focus on linguistic patterns, discursive structures, and enforcement mechanisms. Data were extracted through thematic coding, analysis of key vocabulary, and alignment with analytical frameworks from legal studies and critical discourse analysis. On one hand, FIFA regulations enable the uniform application of rules by clearly defining offenses and penalties. On the other hand, structural ambiguities in key concepts and the concentration of decision-making authority create the potential for subjective interpretation and undermine the rights of less influential countries. A clear contradiction is evident between the proclaimed commitment to justice and the reality of centralization. Although the regulations effectively address a broad range of infractions, they demonstrate shortcomings in protecting vulnerable groups, such as whistleblowers. A noticeable gap also exists between theoretical principles and practical challenges in areas such as financial transparency and institutional accountability. Despite its technical achievements, FIFA’s disciplinary framework requires a fundamental revisionto reduce structural inequalities. Key recommendations include redefining ambiguous terms, expanding regulatory coverage to address emerging issues such as athletes’ psychological safety, decentralizing decision-making by involving independent bodies, andenhancing financial transparency through public reporting. Stakeholder education and the reinforcement of protective mechanisms will also help mitigate unintentional violations and strengthen procedural justice

Nursing career requires sufficient rules and bases which can support patients, professional and trading rights and excellent performance to achieve its aims properly. Breaching of the above statements, a nurse has committed disciplinary violation and will be reprimanded by law, thus the disciplinary violation will affect the job and administrative status of the nurse. Nurses' disciplinary liability is to do their job honestly and nobly. By describing concepts such as liability, malfeasance, fault, offence of the nurses' disciplinary liability and its homogeneous in England and France laws literature has been defined. Subsequently, the most important issues in nurses' disciplinary liability and its sanctions have been investigated.

This paper is based on a research study conducted among 361 students of various disciplines of social sciences from Al-zahra, Tehran, Tarbiat Moalem, Shahid Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabaei Universities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationships and interactions of students with one another in different domains including social and educational fields. The theoretical framework of this research study is based upon the view points of theorists of sociology of science, according to which the role of students' interactions as well as group activities are examined with respect to their formation of motivation, emotional energy and social and disciplinary activism. The findings of this study will help proving some of the theories developed in the field, according to which one can conclude that the greater the students' social integration, the greater their interactive learning. Such students have stronger motivation and emotional energy and are more satisfied with their major and professors. The more integrated the students, the greater progress they will make in their studies and the more self-efficacy they will develop. The main achievement of this study, taking account of effective variables, is thus to draw the attention of researchers and policy makers to the important role that social variables and factors, especially the space of student relationships play in educational progress and the creation and promotion of a sense of satisfaction among students, not to mention their degree of self-efficacy.      

Community health systems (CHSs) have historically been approached from multiple perspectives, with different purposes and methodological and disciplinary orientations. The terrain is, on the one hand, vast and diverse. On the other hand, under the banner of universal health coverage (UHC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a streamlined version of ‘ community health’ is increasingly being consolidated in global health and donor communities. With the view to informing debate and practice, this paper seeks to synthesise approaches to the CHS into a set of ‘ lenses, ’ drawing on the collective and multi-disciplinary knowledge (both formal and experiential) of the authors, a collaborative network of 23 researchers from seven institutions across six countries (spanning low, middle and high income). With a common view of the CHS as a complex adaptive system, we propose four key lenses, referred to as programmatic, relational, collective action and critical lenses. The lenses represent different positionalities in community health, encompassing macro-level policy-maker, front-line and community vantage points, and purposes ranging from social justice to instrumental goals. We define and describe the main elements of each lens and their implications for thinking about policy, practice and research. Distilling a set of key lenses offers a way to make sense of a complex terrain, but also counters what may emerge as a dominant, single narrative on the CHS in global health. By making explicit and bringing together different lenses on the CHS, the limits and possibilities of each may be better appreciated, while promoting integrative, systems thinking in policy, practice and research.